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Autor: Nele Verhulst
Simon Fonteyne Nele Verhulst (2022)
Esta edición presenta los resultados de la red de plataformas en el Hub Pacífico Norte, misma que resulta de la colaboración entre el CIMMYT; el Patronato para la Investigación y Experimentación Agrícola del Estado de Sonora A.C. (PIEAES); el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP); la Asociación de Agricultores del Río Sinaloa Poniente (AARSP); la Asociación de Agricultores del Río Fuerte Sur (AARFS); la Asociación de Agricultores del Río Culiacán (AARC); la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (UAS); Servicios Agrofinancieros del Norte S.A. de C.V. (SAFINSA); el Club de Labranza de Conservación del Valle del Évora; Granera del Noroeste S.A. de C.V; y el Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (ICA-UABC). Los lectores podrán encontrar en este libro los resultados de las plataformas con más tiempo de operación, en donde ya se han podido generar suficientes datos para sacar conclusiones basadas en evidencias sólidas. Esperamos que el libro pueda servir de inspiración a los productores para que busquen que sus actividades en el campo sean más productivas, rentables y sustentables.
Libro
Plataformas de Investigación Maíz Amarillo Pulgón Áreas de extensión Módulos demostrativos Autosuficiencia Alimentaria Uso de Insumos Ganancias para el Productor Nodos de Innovación CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA AGRICULTURA DE CONSERVACIÓN COSTOS DE PRODUCCIÓN EUTROFIZACIÓN MONOCULTIVO DEGRADACIÓN DEL SUELO CONTAMINACIÓN PLAGUICIDAS CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO PLATAFORMAS DE INNOVACIÓN EXTENSIÓN AGRÍCOLA AUTOSUFICIENCIA INSUMOS AGRÍCOLAS CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION COSTS EUTROPHICATION MONOCULTURE SOIL DEGRADATION CONTAMINATION PESTICIDES CLIMATE CHANGE INNOVATION PLATFORMS AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SELF-SUFFICIENCY FARM INPUTS
Experiments on frost damage in barley under conservation agriculture
Simon Fonteyne Nora Honsdorf Nele Verhulst (2023)
The data were collected for the publication: "Does leaving crop residues in the field lead to greater frost damage in wheat and barley under conservation agriculture?" The dataset contains data from three experiments conducted to evaluate if leaving more residue in the field is associated with higher levels of frost damage. Farmers in the Bajio had indicated that leaving more crop residue in the field when sowing barley in permanent raised beds is associated with higher frost damage, which is an occasional problem in the region. To evaluate whether this is really the case frost damage was evaluated in a 1) a 2 year on farm experiment in San Juan del Rio, Queretaro, Mexico where barley was sown with different levels of residue retention, 2) An experiment with different types of tillage and levels of residue on the Sanjaya Rajaram station in Metepec, Mexico state, Mexico, where due to the high elevation frost damage was guaranteed to occur and 3) An comparison of yield in side by side comparison of conservation agriculture and conventional agriculture grown during the winter season across Mexico to assess whether conservation agriculture is associated with lower yields which could be indicative of a real problem.
Dataset
Yendi Navarro-Noya Bram Govaerts Nele Verhulst Luc Dendooven (2022)
Farmers in Mexico till soil intensively, remove crop residues for fodder and grow maize often in monoculture. Conservation agriculture (CA), including minimal tillage, crop residue retention and crop diversification, is proposed as a more sustainable alternative. In this study, we determined the effect of agricultural practices and the developing maize rhizosphere on soil bacterial communities. Bulk and maize (Zea mays L.) rhizosphere soil under conventional practices (CP) and CA were sampled during the vegetative, flowering and grain filling stage, and 16S rRNA metabarcoding was used to assess bacterial diversity and community structure. The functional diversity was inferred from the bacterial taxa using PICRUSt. Conservation agriculture positively affected taxonomic and functional diversity compared to CP. The agricultural practice was the most important factor in defining the structure of bacterial communities, even more so than rhizosphere and plant growth stage. The rhizosphere enriched fast growing copiotrophic bacteria, such as Rhizobiales, Sphingomonadales, Xanthomonadales, and Burkholderiales, while in the bulk soil of CP other copiotrophs were enriched, e.g., Halomonas and Bacillus. The bacterial community in the maize bulk soil resembled each other more than in the rhizosphere of CA and CP. The bacterial community structure, and taxonomic and functional diversity in the maize rhizosphere changed with maize development and the differences between the bulk soil and the rhizosphere were more accentuated when the plant aged. Although agricultural practices did not alter the effect of the rhizosphere on the soil bacterial communities in the flowering and grain filling stage, they did in the vegetative stage.
Artículo
Community Assembly Functional Diversity Intensive Agricultural Practices Plant Microbiome CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE TILLAGE SOIL BACTERIA MAIZE
Weed management and tillage effect on rainfed maize production in three agro-ecologies in Mexico
Simon Fonteyne Abel Jaime Leal González Rausel Ovando Ravi Gopal Singh Nele Verhulst (2022)
Maize (Zea mays L.) is grown in a wide range of agro-ecological environments and production systems across Mexico. Weeds are a major constraint on maize grain yield, but knowledge regarding the best weed management methods is lacking. In many production systems, reducing tillage could lessen land degradation and production costs, but changes in tillage might require changes in weed management. This study evaluated weed dynamics and rainfed maize yield under five weed management treatments (pre-emergence herbicide, post-emergence herbicide, pre-emergence + post-emergence herbicide, manual weed control, and no control) and three tillage methods (conventional, minimum and zero tillage) in three agro-ecologically distinct regions of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, in 2016 and 2017. In the temperate Mixteca region, weeds reduced maize grain yields by as much as 92% and the long-growing season required post-emergence weed control, which gave significantly higher yields. In the hot, humid Papaloapan region, weeds reduced maize yields up to 63% and pre-emergence weed control resulted in significantly higher yields than treatments with post-emergence control only. In the semi-arid Valles Centrales region, weeds reduced maize yields by as much as 65%, but weed management was not always effective in increasing maize yield or net profitability. The most effective weed management treatments tended to be similar for the three tillage systems at each site, although weed pressure and the potential yield reduction by weeds tended to be higher under zero tillage than minimum or conventional tillage. No single best option for weed management was found across sites or tillage systems. More research, in which non-chemical methods should not be overlooked, is thus needed to determine the most effective weed management methods for the diverse maize production systems across Mexico.
Artículo
Corn Integrated Weed Management Manual Weed Control CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA MAIZE WEED CONTROL MINIMUM TILLAGE ZERO TILLAGE
Yendi Navarro-Noya Marco Luna_Guido Nele Verhulst Bram Govaerts Luc Dendooven (2022)
Crop residue management and tillage are known to affect the soil bacterial community, but when and which bacterial groups are enriched by application of ammonium in soil under different agricultural practices from a semi-arid ecosystem is still poorly understood. Soil was sampled from a long-term agronomic experiment with conventional tilled beds and crop residue retention (CT treatment), permanent beds with crop residue burned (PBB treatment) or retained (PBC) left unfertilized or fertilized with 300 kg urea-N ha-1 and cultivated with wheat (Triticum durum L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) rotation. Soil samples, fertilized or unfertilized, were amended or not (control) with a solution of (NH4)2SO4 (300 kg N ha-1) and were incubated aerobically at 25 ± 2 °C for 56 days, while CO2 emission, mineral N and the bacterial community were monitored. Application of NH4+ significantly increased the C mineralization independent of tillage-residue management or N fertilizer. Oxidation of NH4+ and NO2- was faster in the fertilized soil than in the unfertilized soil. The relative abundance of Nitrosovibrio, the sole ammonium oxidizer detected, was higher in the fertilized than in the unfertilized soil; and similarly, that of Nitrospira, the sole nitrite oxidizer. Application of NH4+ enriched Pseudomonas, Flavisolibacter, Enterobacter and Pseudoxanthomonas in the first week and Rheinheimera, Acinetobacter and Achromobacter between day 7 and 28. The application of ammonium to a soil cultivated with wheat and maize enriched a sequence of bacterial genera characterized as rhizospheric and/or endophytic independent of the application of urea, retention or burning of the crop residue, or tillage.
Artículo
CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA AMMONIUM CROP RESIDUES WHEAT MAIZE TILLAGE SOIL
Alejandra Miranda Carrazco Yendi Navarro-Noya Bram Govaerts Nele Verhulst Luc Dendooven (2022)
Plant-associated microorganisms that affect plant development, their composition, and their functionality are determined by the host, soil conditions, and agricultural practices. How agricultural practices affect the rhizosphere microbiome has been well studied, but less is known about how they might affect plant endophytes. In this study, the metagenomic DNA from the rhizosphere and endophyte communities of root and stem of maize plants was extracted and sequenced with the “diversity arrays technology sequencing,” while the bacterial community and functionality (organized by subsystems from general to specific functions) were investigated in crops cultivated with or without tillage and with or without N fertilizer application. Tillage had a small significant effect on the bacterial community in the rhizosphere, but N fertilizer had a highly significant effect on the roots, but not on the rhizosphere or stem. The relative abundance of many bacterial species was significantly different in the roots and stem of fertilized maize plants, but not in the unfertilized ones. The abundance of N cycle genes was affected by N fertilization application, most accentuated in the roots. How these changes in bacterial composition and N genes composition might affect plant development or crop yields has still to be unraveled.
Artículo
Bacterial Community Structure DArT-Seq Bacterial Community Functionality Genes Involved in N Cycling CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y BIOTECNOLOGÍA AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES MAIZE RHIZOSPHERE STEMS NITROGEN FERTILIZERS
Pablo Jaramillo-López Marcela Sarabia Simon Fonteyne Abel Saldivia Tejeda Nele Verhulst Mette Vestergård John Larsen (2023)
Six seed treatments were tested for 2 growing cycles (summer of 2021 and 2022) in a field experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under conservation agriculture in the Mexican highlands, at CIMMYT’s experiment station of El Batán Texcoco, the State of Mexico, Mexico. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates, with separate areas for maize and barley. The six seed treatments included a negative control, a chemical seed treatment (different for maize and barley, depending on common practices in the area), Trichoderma, Metarhizium, a commercial mixture of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, and a combination of Trichoderma and Metarhizium. Soil and root samples were taken at two and three sampling times during the 2021 crop cycle for barley and maize, respectively. Yield and yield components were determined at the end of the crop cycle in 2021 and 2022. The soil and root samples were used to measure root growth (root biomass per core), root colonization with mycorrhizal fungi, root infection with pathogens (Polymyxa, Pythium, Microdochium), soil microbial communities in terms of biomarker fatty acids, and ecological guilds of soil nematodes (Bacterivores, fungivores, plant parasitic and predators).
Dataset